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Beilstein Arch. 2026, 202619. https://doi.org/10.3762/bxiv.2026.19.v1
Published 19 Jun 2026
Commercial zeolite Y (CBV 500, Y) from Zeolyst International was used in a Fe ion-exchanged form (FeY) for sonochemical modification at 0.5 or 1 % of divalent, trivalent or a 1:1 molar ratio and at a static pH of 5 and 9. The materials underwent four different studies to evaluate antimicrobial activities. Screening in a well-diffusion method incorporated C. albicans, C. neoformans, S. aureus, and S. mutants where the disk-diffusion was done for E. faecalis in a CHROMagar indicator. The screening by a broth method assessed E. coli and E. faecalis. From the screening, FeYII and FeYII/III were selected for a broth microdilution assay for antibacterial (E. coli and E. faecalis) and antimycotic activity (C. albicans, C. neoformans). For the viability test, L929 fibroblasts were exposed to zeolites Y, FeYII, and FeYII/III at different concentrations for 24 hours. In conjunction with the MTT assay, microscopic images detail the cellular impact of zeolite exposure. Materials tested on agar against clinical pathogens showed no prominent activity, attributed to limited material diffusion. In a broth test, all samples displayed antibacterial activity. FeY0, FeY0.5II, FeY0.5III, FeYII/III, and FeYII/III9 exhibited notable antimicrobial effects against E. coli. Selected for further testing, FeYII and FeYII/III demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal effects. Against Gram-positive E. faecalis, FeYII showed a more significant impact compared to FeYII/III. Testing on CHROMagar with E. faecalis indicated no growth inhibition, affirming the need for liquid to activate the biological activity. Antifungal tests yielded limited growth inhibition. While Y and FeYII were non-toxic in mammal fibroblasts, FeYII/III showed some toxicity, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in biological applications.
Keywords: Zeolite Y, Sonoassisted, Antimicrobial Zeolite, Biocompatibility Zeolite
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De León Ramirez, J. I.; Pérez Sicairos, S.; Chávez Méndez, J. R.; Nuñez Serafin, P. E.; Petranovskii, V.; Reyes Villegas, V. A. Beilstein Arch. 2026, 202619. doi:10.3762/bxiv.2026.19.v1
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