Recent advances in the cleavage of non-activated amides

• Eun-Sol Choi and
• Hyo-Jun Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 352–369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.23

• of conventional, non-activated amides remains far more difficult. This review summarizes recent advances over the past decade in the activation and cleavage of non-activated amide C–N bonds for their conversion into diverse carboxylic acid derivatives. Key strategies covered include transition-metal

• . Keywords: amide; amide activation; esterification; non-activated amide; transamidation; Introduction Serving as a cornerstone in organic chemistry, the amide bond is a fundamental and extensively utilized functional group, playing a central role in natural products, biomolecules, and functional materials