Site-specific labelling of native peptides and proteins: chemical and enzymatic strategies

• Antonio Angelastro,
• Jonathan Bargh,
• Subhajit Guria,
• Victor Laserna and
• Louis Luk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 857–881, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.67

• penicillin G acylase (PGA) for the selective modification of insulin [151]. After screening 100 commercially available PGA homologs and initial optimisation for expression and handling, Kluyvera cryocrescens PGA was chosen for directed evolution (Scheme 15b). The goal was to selectively protect or deprotect

• -purification, complicating the engineering workflow. PGA optimisation benefited from the simplicity of insulin, which contains only three primary amines whose labelling can be readily resolved by UPLC, but such strategies become impractical for larger, lysine-rich proteins. For a broader overview, Zhu et al

• . Proteins AGA1 and AGA2 are surface proteins naturally found on yeast surface. Engineered biocatalysts include a) microbial transglutaminase (MTG) and b) penicillin G acylase (PGA). Selection scheme of a suitable native-sequence labelling tool. Comparison of existing site-specific, native-sequence protein

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• . Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) are most important examples of biopolymers exhibiting interesting biodegradability properties [41]. The co-polymerization of PLA with glycolic acid was reported by Ayyoob and Kim [42]. High molecular weight poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) was obtained by

Cell-free protein synthesis with technical additives – expanding the parameter space of in vitro gene expression

• Tabea Bartsch,
• Stephan Lütz and
• Katrin Rosenthal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2242–2253, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.192

• (UTP), tRNA, coenzyme A (CoA), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), folinic acid, spermidine, 3-PGA, and PEG-8000 to obtain a master mix. The master mix was assembled with the plasmid encoding for sfGFP respectively thscGAS-sfGFP and nuclease-free water, which

• , 1.5 mM ATP and GTP, 0.9 mM CTP and UTP, 0.2 mg/mL tRNA, 0.26 mM CoA, 0.33 mM NAD, 0.75 mM cAMP, 0.068 mM folinic acid, 1 mM spermidine, 30 mM 3-PGA, 2% PEG-8000, and 1 nM plasmid DNA. Reactions were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C with no shaking. Resulting fluorescence intensities were measured from 2 µL

Methodology for awakening the potential secondary metabolic capacity in actinomycetes

• Shun Saito and
• Midori A. Arai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 753–766, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.69

• HSMs from Streptomyces sp. CA40. Palmu et al. discovered gaudimycins by heterologous expression of the biosynthetic gene clusters pga or cab, which were silent in the producing strain Streptomyces sp. PGA64 or Streptomyces sp. H021 relative to another host, Streptomyces lividans TK24 [73]. Resistomycin

Posttranslational isoprenylation of tryptophan in bacteria

• Masahiro Okada,
• Tomotoshi Sugita and
• Ikuro Abe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 338–346, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.37

• . natto is obviously distinct from the other laboratory strains with respect to the biofilm formation. The biofilm mainly consists of the highly sticky poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) polymer (Figure 2B), and the ComXnatto pheromone activates γ-PGA biosynthesis in B. subtilis subsp. natto at nanomolar levels

Poly(glycolide) multi-arm star polymers: Improved solubility via limited arm length

• Florian K. Wolf,
• Anna M. Fischer and
• Holger Frey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 67, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.67

• Florian K. Wolf Anna M. Fischer Holger Frey Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.6.67 Abstract Due to the low solubility of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), its use is generally limited to the synthesis of random

• copolyesters with other hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid, or to applications that permit direct processing from the polymer melt. Insolubility is generally observed for PGA when the degree of polymerization exceeds 20. Here we present a strategy that allows the preparation of PGA-based multi-arm structures

• which significantly exceed the molecular weight of processable oligomeric linear PGA (<1000 g/mol). This was achieved by the use of a multifunctional hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) macroinitiator and the tin(II)-2-ethylhexanoate catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of glycolide in the melt. With this