Integration of enabling methods for the automated flow preparation of piperazine-2-carboxamide

• Richard J. Ingham,
• Claudio Battilocchio,
• Joel M. Hawkins and
• Steven V. Ley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.56

• via a number of different approaches but the most environmentally friendly procedure is the hydration of nitriles [19]. Although this is generally considered to be a simple transformation, there are some inherent problems with the standard techniques of hydrolysis [20]. Further to our previous work

Visible-light photoredox catalysis enabled bromination of phenols and alkenes

• Yating Zhao,
• Zhe Li,
• Chao Yang,
• Run Lin and
• Wujiong Xia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 622–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.53

• several drawbacks such as toxic reagents, harsh conditions, low yields, and low chemo- and regioselectivity. Hence, the development of an environmentally friendly methodology for the bromination of phenols with high chemoselectivity under mild and operationally simple conditions is still appealing

Silica: An efficient catalyst for one-pot regioselective synthesis of dithioethers

• Samir Kundu,
• Babli Roy and
• Basudeb Basu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 26–33, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.5

• environmentally friendly and sustainable [32][33][34][35][36]. Mesoporous inorganic oxides, which often facilitate various organic reactions, are considered suitable to promote eco-friendly chemical processes [36]. Organic reactions with a high selectivity under eco-friendly and sustainable conditions are

Continuous-flow Heck synthesis of 4-methoxybiphenyl and methyl 4-methoxycinnamate in supercritical carbon dioxide expanded solvent solutions

• Phei Li Lau,
• Ray W. K. Allen and
• Peter Styring

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2886–2897, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.325

• biphasic mode using a mixture of solvents, such as ethylene glycol and toluene [8]. The drive to carry out reactions in environmentally benign media also led to studies being carried out in “green” (environmentally friendly) solvents, such as aqueous media, some supercritical fluids (SCFs), ionic liquids

Biosynthesis of rare hexoses using microorganisms and related enzymes

• Zijie Li,
• Yahui Gao,
• Hideki Nakanishi,
• Xiaodong Gao and
• Li Cai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2434–2445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.281

• -rhamnitol) which was subsequently oxidized by Enterobacter aerogenes IK7 to afford the rare sugar 1-deoxy-L-fructose. The whole process was performed in an environmentally friendly fashion. II. Biosynthesis of rare aldohexoses D-Allose D-Allose is the C-3 epimer of D-glucose or the aldo/keto-isomer of D

• enzyme-catalyzed reactions are often highly enantioselective and regioselective. In addition, enzymatic reactions are usually performed under mild conditions and are environmentally friendly. However, two major challenges remain in this endeavor: 1) microorganisms and related enzymes presently applied in

Silica sulfuric acid: a reusable solid catalyst for one pot synthesis of densely substituted pyrrole-fused isocoumarins under solvent-free conditions

• Sudipta Pathak,
• Kamalesh Debnath and
• Animesh Pramanik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2344–2353, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.269

• the synthesis of pyrrole-fused isocoumarins with the help of green methodology, so far. Therefore, the development of an environmentally friendly and safer reaction methodology following the green chemistry principles is essential for the synthesis of pyrrole-fused isocoumarins. The employment of a

• the synthetic route ‘‘benign by design’’. This is the first report, in which a rearrangement reaction has been carried out on the solid surface of SSA. Overall this greener and environmentally friendly method may attract the fellow chemists in chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis

Coupling of C-nitro-NH-azoles with arylboronic acids. A route to N-aryl-C-nitroazoles

• Marta K. Kurpet,
• Aleksandra Dąbrowska,
• Małgorzata M. Jarosz,
• Katarzyna Kajewska-Kania,
• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Jerzy W. Suwiński

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1517–1525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.173

• lower toxicity, easier to process and environmentally friendly. Next the catalytic activity of the copper salts was screened. Most known reports concerning N-arylation focus on Cu(OAc)2 salt [21][22], complexes of Cu(II) with different ligands [23][36], and heterocyclic copper-based catalysts [25][37

Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review

• Lucio Melone and
• Carlo Punta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1296–1310, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.146

• organocatalyst. Once reached, this final goal, combined with the use of molecular oxygen as stoichiometric oxidant under mild operative conditions, would definitely open the way towards much more cost-effective and environmentally friendly oxidative processes. Mediators of laccase. Catalytic role of NHPI in the

A facile, rapid, one-pot regio/stereoselective synthesis of 2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones under solvent/scavenger-free conditions

• Murugan Sathishkumar,
• Sangaraiah Nagarajan,
• Poovan Shanmugavelan,
• Murugan Dinesh and
• Alagusundaram Ponnuswamy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 689–697, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.78

• environmentally friendly methodologies for the synthesis of 2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones is worth attempting. In this regard, and in continuation of our recent reports on the solvent-free synthesis of amides [19][20], thioamides [21], cyclic imides [22], thiazolidin-4-ones [23], spirothiazolidin-4-ones [24], 1,2,3

NHC-catalysed highly selective aerobic oxidation of nonactivated aldehydes

• Lennart Möhlmann,
• Stefan Ludwig and
• Siegfried Blechert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 602–607, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.65

• of aldehydes to the corresponding acids or esters. The reaction proceeds under metal-free conditions by using N-heterocyclic carbenes as organocatalysts in combination with environmentally friendly oxygen as the terminal oxidation agent. Keywords: aerobic oxidation; chemoselective oxidation; metal

• ) for example can nowadays be gained directly from the conversion of biomass and thereby became an attractive synthesis unit in modern "green" chemistry [32]. Hence, further cheap and environmentally friendly selective transformations are of great interest. However, only a few methods have been

Influence of cyclodextrin on the solubility and the polymerization of (meth)acrylated Triton^® X-100

• Melanie Kemnitz and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2176–2183, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.245

• . Water is an environmentally friendly and favorable solvent. The molecular weights, LCSTs and hydrodynamic diameters of the resulting polymers prepared in water are similar to those of the uncomplexed model polymers, which were synthesized in DMF (8 and 9). As an important result, it was possible to

Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges as drug carriers

• Francesco Trotta,
• Marco Zanetti and
• Roberta Cavalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2091–2099, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.235

• mechanical strength than activated carbon and are not affected by dust formation during application. Finally, they can be reused indefinitely after simple washing with an environmentally friendly solvent, such as ethanol. Nanosponges can be used as supports for catalysis applications. One important result

Polysiloxane ionic liquids as good solvents for β-cyclodextrin-polydimethylsiloxane polyrotaxane structures

• Narcisa Marangoci,
• Rodinel Ardeleanu,
• Laura Ursu,
• Constanta Ibanescu,
• Maricel Danu,
• Mariana Pinteala and
• Bogdan C. Simionescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1610–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.184

• interactions. The structure is stable in the 20 to 80 °C domain as proved by the oscillatory and rotational rheological tests. Keywords: cyclodextrins; imidazolium salt; ionic liquid; polyrotaxanes; polysiloxanes; Introduction Ionic liquids (ILs) are environmentally friendly solvents with great potential for

Influence of cyclodextrin on the solubility of a classically prepared 2-vinylcyclopropane macromonomer in aqueous solution

• Helmut Ritter,
• Jia Cheng and
• Monir Tabatabai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1528–1535, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.173

• ) (AIBN) as radical initiator and 2 as chain transfer agent. The implementation in aqueous solution represents an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional polymerization. To avoid the Michael addition between the amino group and the acryloyl group, the ammonium salt of 2 was used instead of

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed direct cross-aza-benzoin reaction: Efficient synthesis of α-amino-β-keto esters

• Takuya Uno,
• Yusuke Kobayashi and
• Yoshiji Takemoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1499–1504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.169

• of PhI=O is needed as the oxidant (Figure 1, (e)) [23]. Therefore, mild, efficient and environmentally friendly strategies for the synthesis of these esters are still needed. We envisioned that highly atom-efficient synthesis of α-amino-β-keto esters could be achieved by a novel umpolung approach

Recent advances towards azobenzene-based light-driven real-time information-transmitting materials

• Jaume García-Amorós and
• Dolores Velasco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1003–1017, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.113

• information beyond the time scale of microseconds, as well as to produce molecular materials with high oscillation frequencies in their optical properties. In addition, the possible design of such materials in such a way that they would be soluble in water (an environmentally friendly solvent) could be a

Enantioselective Michael addition of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones to nitroalkenes catalyzed by binaphthyl-derived organocatalysts

• Saet Byeol Woo and
• Dae Young Kim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.78

• synthesis [12], and intensive research efforts have been directed toward the development of enantioselective catalytic protocols for this reaction [13][14][15]. The organocatalyst-mediated enantioselective conjugate addition reactions, which are both powerful and environmentally friendly, have been

Syntheses and applications of furanyl-functionalised 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridines

• Jérôme Husson and
• Michael Knorr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 379–389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.41

• context of a more environmentally friendly and “greener” chemistry, an adaptation of this well-established method was proposed with the aim of reducing the solvent use [16][17][18]. Namely, two equivalents of neat 2-acetylpyridine (4) were reacted with one equivalent of an aldehyde in the presence of

Continuous-flow enantioselective α-aminoxylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a polystyrene-immobilized hydroxyproline

• Xacobe C. Cambeiro,
• Rafael Martín-Rapún,
• Pedro O. Miranda,
• Sonia Sayalero,
• Esther Alza,
• Patricia Llanes and
• Miquel A. Pericàs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1486–1493, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.172

• organocatalyzed α-aminoxylation of aldehydes and ketones experienced in the last few years has transformed it into a powerful, reliable and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of α-hydroxyaldehydes and ketones [32][33][34]. Despite its extreme simplicity and very high enantiocontrol, organocatalysis

Coupled chemo(enzymatic) reactions in continuous flow

• Ruslan Yuryev,
• Simon Strompen and
• Andreas Liese

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1449–1467, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.169

• renewable resources and which is actively propagated presently in view of the forthcoming global energy crisis. Another example of a biorefinery process is the production of hydrogen, i.e., the most environmentally friendly fuel. Oh and coworkers realized a continuous anaerobic fermentation of Clostridium

Efficient and selective chemical transformations under flow conditions: The combination of supported catalysts and supercritical fluids

• M. Isabel Burguete,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1347–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.159

• given process as being more environmentally friendly than the corresponding one run in an organic solvent, the whole process should be evaluated (“cradle-to-grave” evaluation), including an assessment of the energy consumption. Such studies are out of the scope of this paper but they should be kept in

PEG-embedded KBr₃: A recyclable catalyst for multicomponent coupling reaction for the efficient synthesis of functionalized piperidines

• Sanny Verma,
• Suman L. Jain and
• Bir Sain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1334–1341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.157

• that it is more environmentally friendly [4][5][8][9]. Among the various known multicomponent reactions, the MCRs that involve 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, aldehydes, and nucleophilic compounds have received particular interest in recent years owing to their potential to provide different condensation

Reductive amination with zinc powder in aqueous media

• Giovanni B. Giovenzana,
• Daniela Imperio,
• Andrea Penoni and
• Giovanni Palmisano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1095–1099, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.125

• and 1-aminoadamantane) did not react; iii) aminoesters reacted giving low yields of the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative (ester hydrolysis occurring even with tert-butyl esters). Conclusion In summary, zinc dust in 5% aqueous KOH solution was found to be an environmentally friendly alternative

Achiral bis-imine in combination with CoCl₂: A remarkable effect on enantioselectivity of lipase-mediated acetylation of racemic secondary alcohol

• K. Arunkumar,
• M. Appi Reddy,
• T. Sravan Kumar,
• B. Vijaya Kumar,
• K. B. Chandrasekhar,
• P. Rajender Kumar and
• Manojit Pal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1174–1179, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.134

• the stereoselective synthesis of chiral molecules have increased enormously in recent years especially in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry [1]. Biocatalysis, being an environmentally friendly process, has attracted particular attention for this purpose [2][3][4][5][6]. For example, high

Solvent-free and time-efficient Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in a ball mill: the solid reagent system KF–Al₂O₃ under inspection

• Franziska Bernhardt,
• Ronald Trotzki,
• Tony Szuppa,
• Achim Stolle and
• Bernd Ondruschka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 7, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.7

• milling; C–C coupling; KF–Al2O3; palladium; solid reagent system; Introduction Over the last two decades, a major trend in the field of organic chemistry has been evident: environmentally friendly processes using safer reagents, generating fewer side products and requiring less use of solvents are in