Advances in synthetic approach to and antifungal activity of triazoles

• Kumari Shalini,
• Nitin Kumar,
• Sushma Drabu and
• Pramod Kumar Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 668–677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.79

• metabolism. Fluconazole (9) has nearly complete oral bioavailability, circulates in plasma as the free form, shows negligible hepatic metabolism, and is excreted unchanged through the kidneys. Itraconazole (10) is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, high protein binding extensive hepatic metabolism

• , and is excreted in an inactive form via liver and kidneys. Fluconazole is 94% absorbed and its oral bioavailability is not affected by food or gastric pH. It is excreted unchanged in urine with t1/2 = 25–30 h. Itraconazole is largely metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 3A4, an active metabolite is

• in the abdomen, kidney, bladder wall and wounds, and infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp [51]. Voriconazole is available for both oral as well as intravenous (i.v.) administration and has excellent bioavailability (90%). It is metabolized in the liver and, in case of renal

An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals

• Marcus Baumann,
• Ian R. Baxendale,
• Steven V. Ley and
• Nikzad Nikbin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 442–495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.57

• II receptor were of a peptidic nature, suffered from poor bioavailability and also showed some agonistic activities. The first non-peptide antagonists were developed in the early 80’s. Although these compounds were selective for the AT2 receptor, they bound only weakly to their target protein. On

• suffer from poor absorption and low bioavailability. At this stage a classical bioisostere exchange, i.e., replacing a carboxylic acid group with a tetrazole ring, was performed which resulted in increased lipophilicity [48] and the development of the orally active losartan. In the absence of a crystal

Oxalyl retro-peptide gelators. Synthesis, gelation properties and stereochemical effects

• Janja Makarević,
• Milan Jokić,
• Leo Frkanec,
• Vesna Čaplar,
• Nataša Šijaković Vujičić and
• Mladen Žinić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 945–959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.106

• characteristics of gels formed by chiral bis(dipeptide)oxalamides. Structurally, such gelators belong to the group of retro-peptides, which have been intensively studied as peptidomimetics due to their higher proteolytic stability and bioavailability compared to natural counterparts [44][45][46][47]. Despite very

Synthesis of glycosylated β³-homo-threonine conjugates for mucin-like glycopeptide antigen analogues

• Florian Karch and
• Anja Hoffmann-Röder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 47, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.47

• bioavailability for tumour immunotherapy. Towards this end, TN and TF antigen conjugates O-glycosidically linked to Fmoc-β3-homo-threonine were prepared in good yield via Arndt–Eistert homologation of the corresponding glycosyl α-amino acid derivative. By incorporation of TN-Fmoc-β3hThr conjugate into the 20

Efficient and improved synthesis of Telmisartan

• A. Sanjeev Kumar,
• Samir Ghosh and
• G. N. Mehta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 25, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.25

• , all of which contain a characteristic ortho functionalized biaryl moiety. Telmisartan (1, Boehringer Ingelheim, Micardis®) (Figure 1) is an important member of this class of top-selling drugs because it has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor, an excellent bioavailability, and a once

(Pseudo)amide-linked oligosaccharide mimetics: molecular recognition and supramolecular properties

• José L. Jiménez Blanco,
• Fernando Ortega-Caballero,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• José M. García Fernández

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 20, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.20

• blocks is inspired by the structure of peptides and the potential of carbohydrates to reproduce the structural features and biological properties of these polymers [12][13][17]. Poor bioavailability and metabolic stability of peptides have resulted in significant limitations as drug candidates. Another

Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of 2- and 4-aminothiazole- based inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase

• Graham R. Lawton,
• Haitao Ji,
• Pavel Martásek,
• Linda J. Roman and
• Richard B. Silverman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 28, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.28

• protonated for this interaction to occur. Replacement of the aminopyridine with less basic aminothiazoles (3 and 4), whose ring nitrogens have pKa values ≈ 6, should reduce the overall charge on the molecule at physiological pH for more efficient bioavailability. In the acidic environment of the nNOS active

Enantioselective nucleophilic difluoromethylation of aromatic aldehydes with Me₃SiCF₂SO₂Ph and PhSO₂CF₂H reagents catalyzed by chiral quaternary ammonium salts

• Chuanfa Ni,
• Fang Wang and
• Jinbo Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.21

• this field. Background Because of the unique properties of fluorine, selective introduction of fluorine atom(s) or fluorine-containing moieties into organic molecules often dramatically alter their stability, lipophilicity, bioavailability, and biopotency. It is estimated that as many as 30–40% of

Trifluoromethyl ethers – synthesis and properties of an unusual substituent

• Frédéric R. Leroux,
• Baptiste Manteau,
• Jean-Pierre Vors and
• Sergiy Pazenok

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 13, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.13

• contribute to the critical "bioavailability" of therapeutically active compounds. The growing interest and utility of the trifluoromethoxy-substitutent in drugs and agrochemical products, presents challenging synthetic strategies which are increasing being tackled in industrial and academic research