Chemical tuning of photoswitchable azobenzenes: a photopharmacological case study using nicotinic transmission

• Lorenzo Sansalone,
• Jun Zhao,
• Matthew T. Richers and
• Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2812–2821, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.274

• KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 7 MgCl2, 0.5 CaCl2, 26 NaHCO3, 10 glucose, 100 sucrose, 3 sodium pyruvate, 1.3 sodium ascorbate equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 (pH 7.3–7.4). The brain slices were then incubated for 15 min at 33 °C in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, mM: 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1

• MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 26 NaHCO3, 10 glucose, 3 sodium pyruvate, 1.3 sodium ascorbate; 95% O2/5% CO2, pH 7.3–7.4) and held at room temperature. Brain slices were then transferred to the recording chamber of a BX-61 microscope (Olympus, PennValley, PA, USA) and superfused with ACSF at room temperature. Medial

Diversity-oriented synthesis of spirothiazolidinediones and their biological evaluation

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Gaddamedi Sreevani,
• Lilya U. Dzhemileva,
• Milyausha M. Yunusbaeva,
• Usein M. Dzhemilev and
• Vladimir A. D’yakonov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2774–2781, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.269

• under a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 (Jurkat, K562, U937) (Gibco) supplemented with 4 mM glutamine, 10% FBS (Sigma) and 100 units/mL penicillin streptomycin (Sigma). All types of cells were grown in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cells were subcultured at 2–3 days

• dormancy) of drug candidates and toxic compounds. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using a standard MTT colorimetric assay in a similar manner as described in [60][61]. HEK293 cells were plated in 96-well microassay culture plates (1 × 104 cells per well) and grown overnight at 37 °C in a 5% CO2

A review of asymmetric synthetic organic electrochemistry and electrocatalysis: concepts, applications, recent developments and future directions

• Munmun Ghosh,
• Valmik S. Shinde and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2710–2746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.264

• installation of an oxygen atom on one face, promoting the addition of CO2 from the other face, resulting in enantioenriched carboxylated product 29 after acidification (Scheme 10). The authors described similar results involving the asymmetric electrocarboxylation of other prochiral aromatic ketones in a

• and regenerate the Cu–L* catalyst (Scheme 30). In 2014, Wang and Lu reported a method for asymmetric fixation of CO2 via electrocarboxylation of 82 catalyzed by an electrogenerated chiral [CoI(salen)]− complex [68]. The potentiostatic electrolysis of 82 in an undivided cell in presence of catalytic

• chiral Co(II)-(R,R)salen complex 83 in DMF saturated with CO2 resulted in the formation of 84 in a low yield but with good enantioselectivity (Scheme 31). Very recently, Meggers research group described an application of an asymmetric Lewis acid catalyst using electricity to provide a synthetic route

Plasma membrane imaging with a fluorescent benzothiadiazole derivative

• Pedro H. P. R. Carvalho,
• Jose R. Correa,
• Karen L. R. Paiva,
• Daniel F. S. Machado,
• Jackson D. Scholten and
• Brenno A. D. Neto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2644–2654, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.257

• umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC. The cells were maintained according to ATCC (American type culture collection) recommendations at 37 °C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cell viability. For cell viability the synthesized compound BTD-4APTEG was tested at two different concentrations, 10 and 100

Formation of alkyne-bridged ferrocenophanes using ring-closing alkyne metathesis on 1,1’-diacetylenic ferrocenes

• Celine Bittner,
• Dirk Bockfeld and
• Matthias Tamm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2534–2543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.246

• Celine Bittner Dirk Bockfeld Matthias Tamm Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.15.246 Abstract Novel alkyne-bridged ferrocenophanes [fc{CO2(CH2)nC≡}2] (2a: n = 2; 2b: n = 3) were synthesized

• from the corresponding terminal diacetylenic ferrocenes [fc{CO2(CH2)nC≡CH}2] (1a: n = 2; 1b: n = 3) through ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) utilizing the highly effective molybdenum catalyst [MesC≡Mo{OC(CF3)2CH3}3] (MoF6; Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl). The metathesis reaction occurs in short time

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• Cu(II) complex 6, along with reduced Ir(II) photocatalyst 7. The resulting carboxyl radical extrudes CO2 and sequentially recombines to generate Cu(III) species 9. At this stage, SET from 7 to 9 closes the photoredox catalytic cycle and produces an alkylcopper(II) species 10. Under the addition of

Azologization and repurposing of a hetero-stilbene-based kinase inhibitor: towards the design of photoswitchable sirtuin inhibitors

• Christoph W. Grathwol,
• Nathalie Wössner,
• Sören Swyter,
• Adam C. Smith,
• Enrico Tapavicza,
• Robert K. Hofstetter,
• Anja Bodtke,
• Manfred Jung and
• Andreas Link

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2170–2183, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.214

• -30ADSF for liquid CO2 and two LC-20ADXR for modifier and make-up delivery), an on-line supercritical fluid extraction module (SFE-30A auto extractor equipped with 0.2 mL extraction vessels) for reaction monitoring, an autosampler (SIL-30AC) for purified compounds, a column thermostat (CTO-20AC) equipped

1,2,3-Triazolium macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry

• Mastaneh Safarnejad Shad,
• Pulikkal Veettil Santhini and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2142–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.211

• nanoreactor because there is an acceleration of the dimerization by two orders of magnitude and the turnover of the catalyst was demonstrated. The synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 is an efficient method for CO2 fixation. The development of an effective chiral catalyst for the efficient

• kinetic resolution of epoxides with CO2 remains a big challenge. Recently, Ema and co-workers described a chiral binaphthyl strapped Zn(II) porphyrin with triazolium halide units as a bifunctional catalyst for the kinetic resolution of epoxides with CO2 [63]. The condensation of click-reaction-derived

Archangelolide: A sesquiterpene lactone with immunobiological potential from Laserpitium archangelica

• Silvie Rimpelová,
• Michal Jurášek,
• Lucie Peterková,
• Jiří Bejček,
• Vojtěch Spiwok,
• Miloš Majdl,
• Michal Jirásko,
• Miloš Buděšínský,
• Juraj Harmatha,
• Eva Kmoníčková,
• Pavel Drašar and
• Tomáš Ruml

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1933–1944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.189

• archangelica Wulfen using supercritical CO2 extraction. We show that dansyl-archangelolide localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum of living cells similarly to trilobolide; localization in mitochondria was also detected. This led us to a more detailed study of the anticancer potential of archangelolide

• [12] was described, we aimed to develop a facile method for the isolation of these SLs from the seeds of Laserpitium archangelica Wulfen using supercritical CO2 extraction (SCE; for advantages of this method, see Supporting Information File 1, section 8). In our experience, any part of the plant may

• supercritical CO2 extraction, which was carried out under pressure of 40 MPa at 40 °C until the extract substances passed from the extracted material (when several subsequent fractions were not adding any addition to the weight to the extract). The obtained yellowish extract (42.5 g) was stored in fridge for a

N-doped carbon dots covalently functionalized with pillar[5]arenes for Fe³⁺ sensing

• Jia Gao,
• Ming-Xue Wu,
• Dihua Dai,
• Zhi Cai,
• Yue Wang,
• Wenhui Fang,
• Yan Wang and
• Ying-Wei Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1262–1267, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.123

• % (Figure 2c), while the CN-dots solution exhibited stronger emission intensity with 7% QY (Figure 2d). To investigate the application of the as-synthesized fluorescent CCDs in ion sensing, various chlorides of metal ions (Li+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Cu+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Sn2+, Hg2

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• containing chlorine atoms in the portion coming from isatoic anhydride 56. In all cases, the most likely mechanism is initiated by a nucleophilic attack of amine 2 onto the anhydride carbonyl with opening of the cycle to form carbamic acid derivative 58 and loss of CO2 to give the intermediate 2

• also been prepared in situ and used for a three-component transition-metal-free synthesis of phthalimides 79 induced by fluoride (Scheme 23) [102]. The reaction makes use of 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates 77, isocyanides 42 and CO2 (78), and takes place in acetonitrile as solvent and without the need

• of the reactive aryne 80 which is first trapped with the nucleophilic isocyanide to form 81 and then with the electrophilic CO2 (78), to furnish an intermediate benzoic acid derivative 82. Intramolecular cyclization would produce the corresponding isobenzofurane 83, which alternatively, could also be

Novel (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acids and pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles via the domino reactions of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with carbonyl and methylene active compounds

• Victoria V. Lipson,
• Tetiana L. Pavlovska,
• Nataliya V. Svetlichnaya,
• Anna A. Poryvai,
• Nikolay Yu. Gorobets,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken,
• Irina S. Konovalova,
• Svetlana V. Shiskina,
• Alexander V. Borisov,
• Vladimir I. Musatov and
• Alexander V. Mazepa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1032–1045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.101

• addition of the catalytic amounts of TFA to the initial three-component mixture (Table 2). The reaction proceeded via 1,3-dioxanedione cycle cleavage followed by elimination of acetone and CO2 to provide novel pyrrolo[1,2-c]imadazol-5-ones trifluoroacetates 9b,c,i precipitated from the reaction mixture

Photochemical generation of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radical from caged nitroxides by near-infrared two-photon irradiation and its cytocidal effect on lung cancer cells

• Ayato Yamada,
• Manabu Abe,
• Yoshinobu Nishimura,
• Shoji Ishizaka,
• Masashi Namba,
• Taku Nakashima,
• Kiyofumi Shimoji and
• Noboru Hattori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 863–873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.84

• vitro using lung cancer cells. One hundred thousand Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were seeded into 24-well plates (medium: DMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C under an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The medium was replaced with fresh phenol-red free DMEM containing various concentrations of 2a

• carcinoma (LLC) cells were seeded into a 24-well plate (medium: DMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The medium was replaced with fresh phenol-red free DMEM containing 100 µg/mL of compound 2a. Four hours after various irradiation time of 360 nm light (0, 10, 30, 60

• Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were seeded into 24-well plate (medium: DMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The medium was replaced with fresh phenol-red free DMEM containing 0 or 100 µg/mL of compound 2a. Thirty minutes after 1 min or no exposure of 360 nm

Coordination chemistry and photoswitching of dinuclear macrocyclic cadmium-, nickel-, and zinc complexes containing azobenzene carboxylato co-ligands

• Jennifer Klose,
• Tobias Severin,
• Peter Hahn,
• Alexander Jeremies,
• Jens Bergmann,
• Daniel Fuhrmann,
• Jan Griebel,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 840–851, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.81

• of mixed ligand complexes of the type [M2L(μ-O2CR)]+ [1], where M is a divalent or trivalent metal ion (M = Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+) and μ-O2CR is a μ1,3-bridging carboxylato ligand (Figure 1). The encapsulation of a functional carboxylate ion by the bowl-shaped [M2L] fragment can

Polyaminoazide mixtures for the synthesis of pH-responsive calixarene nanosponges

• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Antonio Palumbo Piccionello,
• Alberto Spinella,
• Delia Chillura Martino,
• Marco Russo and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 633–641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.59

• interesting to notice the presence in the mixture of dioxygenated products, the formation of which might be justified admitting the reaction of a primary amine group with a dibromide 4 unit and a CO2 molecule (likely absorbed from atmosphere) to afford a 1,3-oxazinan-2-one ring according to Scheme 4. The CO2

Back to the future: Why we need enzymology to build a synthetic metabolism of the future

• Tobias J. Erb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 551–557, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.49

• in respect to production rate and yield. As an example, several novel level 3 and level 4 pathways for the conversion of CO2 into organic acids were developed recently [13][14]. These pathways are predicted to be more efficient than the naturally evolved Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, because they

• require less energy (ATP, redox power and/or photons) and can be supposedly operated at higher catalytic rates compared to natural carbon fixation. Accordingly, the synthetic CO2-fixation cycles should be able to convert more carbon dioxide with less energy in a given time and hence succeed natural

• photosynthesis in volumetric capacity and energetic efficiency. One of these designs, the so-called CETCH cycle (Figure 2a), a synthetic level 4 pathway for the conversion of CO2 into organic acids, was experimentally realized in vitro by combining 17 enzymes (including three engineered ones) from a total of

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of N(9)-alkylated 2-amino-6-triazolylpurines and 7-deazapurines

• Andrejs Šišuļins,
• Jonas Bucevičius,
• Yu-Ting Tseng,
• Irina Novosjolova,
• Kaspars Traskovskis,
• Ērika Bizdēna,
• Huan-Tsung Chang,
• Sigitas Tumkevičius and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 474–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.41

• -7 cells were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10%), antibiotic–antimycotic (1.0%). MCF-10A cells were cultured in α-MEM supplemented with FBS (10%), and antibiotic–antimycotic (1.0%). All cells were cultured in an environment equilibrated with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cell

• number and viability of the cells were determined by applying the trypan blue exclusion method and Alamar Blue assay, respectively. Following the separated incubation of MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells (7.0 × 104 cells per well) in a culture medium for 24 h at 37 °C containing 5% CO2, each of the culture media

Sigmatropic rearrangements of cyclopropenylcarbinol derivatives. Access to diversely substituted alkylidenecyclopropanes

• Guillaume Ernouf,
• Jean-Louis Brayer,
• Christophe Meyer and
• Janine Cossy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 333–350, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.29

• was a critical issue which was solved by carrying those intermediate compounds directly in the sigmatropic rearrangement. Byproducts arising from the difluorocyclopropenation reaction (CO2, SO2 and Me3SiF) were simply removed by argon sparging of the reaction mixture and the Ireland–Claisen

Olefin metathesis in multiblock copolymer synthesis

• Maria L. Gringolts,
• Yulia I. Denisova,
• Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 218–235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.21

• (cyclohexene carbonate)s was carried out by the β-diiminate (BDI) zinc-catalyzed block copolymerization of functionalized epoxides and CO2 with a norbornenyl-containing initiator (Scheme 5) [68]. The subsequent “grafting through” by ROMP of norbornene resulted in the synthesis of multiblock copolymer brushes

Systematic synthetic study of four diastereomerically distinct limonene-1,2-diols and their corresponding cyclic carbonates

• Hiroshi Morikawa,
• Jun-ichi Yamaguchi,
• Shun-ichi Sugimura,
• Masato Minamoto,
• Yuuta Gorou,
• Hisatoyo Morinaga and
• Suguru Motokucho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 130–136, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.13

• , syntheses of five-membered cyclic carbonates (5CCs) have been intensively investigated [5][6][7] in terms of utilisation of CO2 and the further reactions to produce functional chemicals such as oxazolizin-2-ones [8] and polyurethanes [9]. For (R)-limonene-derived 5CC (LM5CC), four diastereomers are

• , we report the synthesis of 1a from the trans-isomer of (R)-limonene oxide (LO) and 1d from cis-LO using CO2 and tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as a catalyst. Both reactions proceeded without any side reactions and produced no unwanted isomers, such as 1c. Though the CO2 pressure employed in our

• previous study was 3 MPa [27], 5 MPa CO2 was applied in the present study to promote a higher consumption of LO. The result showed the isolated yields were improved to 84% yield for 1a and 30% yield for 1d. In our previous report, 1d was reduced by lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) to obtain the

Mechanistic studies of an L-proline-catalyzed pyridazine formation involving a Diels–Alder reaction with inverse electron demand

• Anne Schnell,
• J. Alexander Willms,
• S. Nozinovic and
• Marianne Engeser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 30–43, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.3

• very easily loses CO2 which causes the signal at m/z 309. This behavior could be confirmed by induced fragmentation experiments (see below). Monitoring the temporal progress of reaction R3 was achieved by taking small samples at regular intervals, diluting and swiftly feeding them into the spectrometer

• oxazolidinone present in large excess. Upon CID of the mass-selected signal for I3 at m/z 353 (Figure 10), only elimination of CO2 was observed. The spectra very much resemble the ones we obtained for ions with the same m/z observed when spraying acetonitrile solutions of 1∙Cl and acetone. These were

• leads back to the ion [I3]+. This ion subsequently loses CO2 as already observed in the CID experiment for [I3]+ (Figure 10). The first pathway thus mimics going back one step in the catalytic cycle. On the other hand, [II3]+ fragments into catalyst 1 by simultaneously cleaving off N2 and the product 3

Repurposing the anticancer drug cisplatin with the aim of developing novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection control agents

• Mingjun Yuan,
• Song Lin Chua,
• Yang Liu,
• Daniela I. Drautz-Moses,
• Joey Kuok Hoong Yam,
• Thet Tun Aung,
• Roger W. Beuerman,
• May Margarette Santillan Salido,
• Stephan C. Schuster,
• Choon-Hong Tan,
• Michael Givskov,
• Liang Yang and
• Thomas E. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3059–3069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.284

• macrophages (RAW264.7) were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Life Technologies), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco), in 75 cm2 cell culture flasks at a density of 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 at 37 °C, 5% CO2 for 72 h. The 5.0 × 106 macrophages per well were seeded in 24

• -well plate (Nunc, Denmark) and grown at 37 °C, 5% CO2 overnight. As previously described [12], macrophages were washed once with PBS and treated with PAO1 in DMEM medium with 0, 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5 µM cisplatin at a multiplicity of infection of 100 bacteria cells: 1 macrophage. As control, the

• macrophages were treated with the T3SS deficient ΔpscJ mutant in DMEM medium. The co-culture was incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO2 for 2 h. The extracellular bacterial cells in DMEM were removed and the infected macrophages were washed 3 times with PBS. Fresh DMEM was added to the infected macrophages and a further

Copper(I)-catalyzed tandem reaction: synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from alkyl diacyl peroxides, azidotrimethylsilane, and alkynes

• Muhammad Israr,
• Changqing Ye,
• Munira Taj Muhammad,
• Yajun Li and
• Hongli Bao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2916–2922, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.270

• experimental findings, a possible reaction mechanism is suggested as shown in Scheme 5. In the presence of the Cu(I) catalyst, alkyl diacyl peroxide decomposes into an alkyl radical, CO2, and releases a carboxyl–Cu(II) complex, which undergoes a ligand exchange with azidomethylsilane to form azido–Cu(II

Copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by dinuclear cobalt complexes

• Yo Hiranoi and
• Koji Nakano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2779–2788, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.255

• demonstrate high and/or unique catalytic performances in the epoxide/CA copolymerization [23][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Recently, we have reported the dinuclear cobalt–salen complexes as catalysts for the copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2), affording superior catalytic activity

• favorable for a high catalytic activity. Such dependence of the catalytic activity on the absolute configuration contrasts with our previous observation in the epoxide/CO2 copolymerization where the heterochiral (R,R,S,S)-1 showed a much higher catalytic activity than the corresponding homochiral complex (R

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• its decomposition, only CO2 and sulfate are formed [7][8][9][10]. Also, like MSA, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) is non-oxidizing, low cost, and easy to handle. Its physical state is solid, making it easy to work with [11]. According to these benefits, sulfonic acids are used as novel catalysts in