A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

Selected peptide-based fluorescent probes for biological applications

• Debabrata Maity

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2971–2982, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.247

• heparin stabilizes the tetrameric structure, without its tryptase dissociates into inactive monomers. The reported cationic ligand binds at the rim of anionic residues around the entrance of the central pore, blocks the access to the active sites, and inhibits enzyme activity. Schmuck et al. reported a

• . Thus, it acts as inhibitor by preventing the substrate to reach the active sites in β-tryptase. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirms that peptide 9 is mast-cell permeable and exhibits inhibitory activity within cells by suppressing their growth (Figure 8B). Heparin detection Heparin is a

A novel and robust heterogeneous Cu catalyst using modified lignosulfonate as support for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Bingbing Lai,
• Meng Ye,
• Ping Liu,
• Minghao Li,
• Rongxian Bai and
• Yanlong Gu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2888–2902, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.238

• preparing a heterogeneous Cu-based catalyst, the thereby obtained catalyst displayed remarkable performance in the Glaser hetero-coupling reaction. Combining two successful attempts, a further study concerning improvement of the robustness of catalysts and active sites when using LS as support is urgently

Vicinal difluorination as a C=C surrogate: an analog of piperine with enhanced solubility, photostability, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity

• Yuvixza Lizarme-Salas,
• Alexandra Daryl Ariawan,
• Ranjala Ratnayake,
• Hendrik Luesch,
• Angela Finch and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2663–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.216

• to different levels of flexibility within the enzyme active sites. A third possibility is that the analog 2 adopts different conformations upon binding to AChE vs BACE-1, since the microenvironments within the enzymes’ active sites could be different (e.g., more/less polar), the “correct” binding

Activation of pentafluoropropane isomers at a nanoscopic aluminum chlorofluoride: hydrodefluorination versus dehydrofluorination

• Maëva-Charlotte Kervarec,
• Thomas Braun,
• Mike Ahrens and
• Erhard Kemnitz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2623–2635, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.213

• further purification. ACF was synthesized according to the literature and stored in a glove box. The number of active sites (1 mmol acidic sites/g of catalyst) was determined by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) [34][65]. NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature using a Bruker

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• separation and recycling, HPCats show advantages such as an enhanced photostability and selectivity [47][48]. A heterogeneous catalyst with a high surface area is often associated with a greater number of surface-active sites for catalysis to occur and makes morphological control critical to the catalyst

Photocatalytic trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes in continuous-flow

• Alexander V. Nyuchev,
• Ting Wan,
• Borja Cendón,
• Carlo Sambiagio,
• Job J. C. Struijs,
• Michelle Ho,
• Moisés Gulías,
• Ying Wang and
• Timothy Noël

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1305–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.111

• (Scheme 1A). This property might be responsible for stronger binding affinities of trifluoromethoxylated compounds with the active sites in enzymes, proteins, or other biomolecules [8][9]. Several procedures for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl aryl ethers were reported from the mid-1900s, mostly based on

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• polymeric matrix and the low availability of the active sites to the substrates due to diffusion problems. Additionally, the self-association of catalytic centers on flexible polymeric chains may negatively influence the expected activity of the immobilized catalyst. Moreover, the degradation of cross

Design and synthesis of diazine-based panobinostat analogues for HDAC8 inhibition

• Sivaraman Balasubramaniam,
• Sajith Vijayan,
• Liam V. Goldman,
• Xavier A. May,
• Kyra Dodson,
• Sweta Adhikari,
• Fatima Rivas,
• Davita L. Watkins and
• Shana V. Stoddard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 628–637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.59

• analysis is a well-established technique that is utilized to evaluate interactions in important biological receptors such as that of HDACs [28][29][30]. Previously, we implored docking to predict the interactions between the active sites of HDAC2 and HDAC8 molecular frameworks with similar structures to

Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands

• Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
• Bernard Omondi and
• Vincent O. Nyamori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35

• sterically crowded biaryl ligands as they showed outstanding performances [8]. Phosphines with imidazole and imidazoline functional groups present some interesting features. The imidazolium functionality mimics active sites in biological molecules [83][84]. The ionic nature adds another dimension to the

Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering

• Eric J. N. Helfrich,
• Geng-Min Lin,
• Christopher A. Voigt and
• Jon Clardy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2889–2906, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.283

• (37–40), though only diterpenes were observed in the culture headspace of the wild type producer (Figure 9a) [118]. These examples suggest a remarkable degree of plasticity of TC active sites in order to direct the intermediate to different trajectories and accommodate substrates with variable lengths

Current understanding and biotechnological application of the bacterial diterpene synthase CotB2

• Ronja Driller,
• Daniel Garbe,
• Norbert Mehlmer,
• Monika Fuchs,
• Keren Raz,
• Dan Thomas Major,
• Thomas Brück and
• Bernhard Loll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2355–2368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.228

• ). CotB2 is arranged as a homo-dimer in crystallo [36][38] and it was demonstrated that CotB2 exists as a homo-dimer in solution as well [38]. The two active sites of CotB2 are arranged in an antiparallel fashion, resembling the arrangement initially observed for the monoterpene (+)-bornyl diphosphate

Back to the future: Why we need enzymology to build a synthetic metabolism of the future

• Tobias J. Erb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 551–557, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.49

• methods that succeeded in creating active sites of remarkable promiscuous activities in the scaffold of existing enzymes [42]. Such computationally-created “catalytically diverse active sites” could be further developed towards a new activity through directed evolution. Without any question, screening

Olefin metathesis in multiblock copolymer synthesis

• Maria L. Gringolts,
• Yulia I. Denisova,
• Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 218–235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.21

• stage of the reaction when Ru–polymer carbene active sites are formed as a result of the catalyst–polymer interaction. The decrease in Mn is observed during the first 1–2 hours and then it remains nearly unchanged [84]. The molecular mass of the resulting multiblock copolymer decreases with increasing

New standards for collecting and fitting steady state kinetic data

• Kenneth A. Johnson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 16–29, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.2

• concentration of active sites. There are significant systematic errors in measurements of protein concentrations using dye-binding assays or by absorbance measurements, and the fraction of protein that is active is not known without direct measurement. For these reasons, it is important to perform an active

• site titration to establish the concentration of active sites. One method is isothermal titration calorimetry relying on the heat change upon binding of a substrate analog. Because the method is relatively insensitive it requires high concentrations of protein (usually μM) so the stoichiometry is easy

• concentration of active sites under favorable conditions [15]. In any event, kinetic data should be normalized by dividing the rate by the concentration of enzyme active sites, and the basis for estimating enzyme concentration should be clearly stated. It is no longer acceptable to report enzyme specific

Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts with monodentate unsymmetrical NHC ligands

• Veronica Paradiso,
• Chiara Costabile and
• Fabia Grisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3122–3149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.292

• pentiptycenyl side of the NHC ligand compared to the other less hindered side determines two differently accessible active sites around the metal and different rates of monomer incorporation, thus dominating the selectivity in the formation of alternating copolymers. The nature of the alkyl group also plays a

MoO₃ on zeolites MCM-22, MCM-56 and 2D-MFI as catalysts for 1-octene metathesis

• Hynek Balcar,
• Martin Kubů,
• Naděžda Žilková and
• Mariya Shamzhy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2931–2939, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.272

• . Moreover, for related system based on tungsten oxide in zeolite, it was suggested using high resolution STEM that Brønsted acid sites in proximity to metathesis active sites facilitate olefin adsorption and metallocycle formation [29]. Such mechanism may be effective also for Mo catalysts. The decrease in

• ) in accord with poor MoO3 spreading (see Figure 1D). Despite the high acidity of the support, a poor accessibility of relevant surface OH groups during the thermal spreading process and a poor accessibility of possible active sites by substrate molecule during metathesis may cause 6MoO3/HZSM-5(25) to

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• before use in the reaction. This causes that the tendency of adsorption of PFAD on active sites was decreased and consequently the catalyst will not be deactivated. A covalently grafting modified nanoscaled diamond powder with 1,3-propanesultone (Scheme 26) 138 exhibited excellent catalytic activity for

The enzymes of microbial nicotine metabolism

• Paul F. Fitzpatrick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2295–2307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.204

• in (S)-nicotine to form N-methylmyosmine. The recent evidence that the product of the oxidation of 6-hydroxynicotine by LHNO and DHNO arises from oxidation of a carbon–nitrogen bond [18][24] and the similarity of the active sites of LHNO and NicA2 to that of MAO makes it much more likely that the

Enzyme-free genetic copying of DNA and RNA sequences

• Marilyne Sosson and
• Clemens Richert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 603–617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.47

• factor that significantly affects whether an enzyme-free primer extension reaction occurs in high yield or not is the strength of the template effect. Unlike the reactions that are catalyzed by polymerases, purely chemical primer extension reactions are not facilitated by the active sites of enzymes

Stimuli-responsive oligonucleotides in prodrug-based approaches for gene silencing

• Françoise Debart,
• Christelle Dupouy and
• Jean-Jacques Vasseur

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 436–469, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.32

• the reaction between a phosphorothioate derivative and 2-bromo-4’-hydroxyacetophenone to produce a phosphate protected with a thioether-enol phosphotriester, phenol substituted (TEEP, Scheme 19) [77]. The TEEP modification was introduced into “active sites” of 8–17 and 10–23 DNAzymes with good yields

Rh(II)-mediated domino [4 + 1]-annulation of α-cyanothioacetamides using diazoesters: A new entry for the synthesis of multisubstituted thiophenes

• Jury J. Medvedev,
• Ilya V. Efimov,
• Yuri M. Shafran,
• Vitaliy V. Suslonov,
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev and
• Valerij A. Nikolaev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2569–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.253

• where both axial active sites of the catalyst are inaccessible for further interaction with diazoesters 2. To verify this assumption, a separate experiment was performed by the example of dimethyl diazomalonate (2a) decomposition with the obtained Rh-complex 6e. And it was demonstrated that under these

18-Hydroxydolabella-3,7-diene synthase – a diterpene synthase from Chitinophaga pinensis

• Jeroen S. Dickschat,
• Jan Rinkel,
• Patrick Rabe,
• Arman Beyraghdar Kashkooli and
• Harro J. Bouwmeester

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1770–1780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.171

• and achiral oligoprenyl diphosphates in just one enzymatic step into a remarkable diversity of usually polycyclic structurally complex lipophilic terpenes with multiple stereogenic centres. In their active sites type I terpene synthases contain the highly conserved aspartate-rich motif DDXX(X)(D,E

Sugar-based micro/mesoporous hypercross-linked polymers with in situ embedded silver nanoparticles for catalytic reduction

• Qing Yin,
• Qi Chen,
• Li-Can Lu and
• Bao-Hang Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1212–1221, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.120

• molecules into the holes with the catalyst active sites [38][39]. Therefore, it is of great interest to improve the catalytic efficiency by encapsulating the nanocatalyst in a porous organic polymer. Keeping these issues in mind, three novel sugar-based porous organic polymers SugPOP-1–3 were designed and

Strategies in megasynthase engineering – fatty acid synthases (FAS) as model proteins

• Manuel Fischer and
• Martin Grininger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1204–1211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.119

• rather than in enclosed chambers, as found in fungal FAS. An approximate calculation from the dimensions of the fungal FAS (barrel structure abstracted as cylinder and considering six full sets of active sites per barrel) accounts for a virtual concentration of 1.8 mM of active sites. An analogous

• consideration for animal FAS (again abstracted as spanning a cylindrical reaction space, two full sets of active sites) gives a virtual active site concentration of 1.2 mM. Accordingly, both scaffolds of FA type I synthesis facilitate reactions at high virtual concentration of enzymatic domains. PKS

• of an E. coli cell of 2.5 µm [3][22], copy numbers account for molar concentrations of about 0.007 to 0.016 mM. Substrate shuttling FA and PK syntheses generally rely on ACP that shuttles substrates and intermediates as covalently bound cargo between active sites [23]. In FAS and PKS (type I