Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of naphthalimide–organylselanyl conjugates

• Rajkumar Ravi and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 416–435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.29

• geometry around the selenium atom. The structure reveals the four distinct intermolecular interactions that facilitate the self-assembly in the crystal packing. The first is a chalcogen bonding interaction (Se···Se) [53], as shown in Figure 2b, in which one aryl selenide molecule linearly connects to

Photoswitches beyond azobenzene: a beginner’s guide

• Michela Marcon,
• Christoph Haag and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1808–1853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.143

• ) can interchange between tautomers to make a chalcogen bond with sulphur in the Z-isomer and a hydrogen bond in the E-isomer [64]. Extension of the conjugation with additional electron-rich arenes enables isomerisation with wavelengths up to >700 nm, with high PSS and high quantum yield. Electron-poor

pH-Controlled isomerization kinetics of ortho-disubstituted benzamidines: E/Z isomerism and axial chirality

• Ryota Kimura,
• Satoshi Ichikawa and
• Akira Katsuyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.120

• of molecules that can precisely control the range of pH to which they can respond. Furthermore, it is also important to discover new molecular skeletons, as there is a lack of variation in the substructures that act as pH-responsive molecular switches. Previously, we reported that chalcogen

• substitution of an ortho-disubstituted benzamide (DiBA) increases the rotational barrier of the C–N and C–N/C–C concerted rotation (Figure 1a,b) [20]. The observation can be explained mainly by the double-bond nature of the chalcogen amide C–N bond, which is attributed to a zwitterionic resonance structure of

• chalcogen amide. It has been shown that a late periodic chalcogen amide has a lower energy π* orbital (C=S or C=Se), resulting in an increase in the contribution of the zwitterionic resonance structure [21][22][23]. Based on this consideration, an ortho-disubstituted benzamidine, which is generated by

Advances in nitrogen-containing helicenes: synthesis, chiroptical properties, and optoelectronic applications

• Meng Qiu,
• Jing Du,
• Nai-Te Yao,
• Xin-Yue Wang and
• Han-Yuan Gong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1422–1453, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.106

• ). Notably, when chalcogen-containing substrates were used, the process afforded phosphorus ester derivatives of aza[5]helicenes. The chiral nature of the products was confirmed by optical rotation and CD measurements. In parallel, Soni’s group established an efficient three-step synthesis of coumarin

Cu(OTf)₂-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Sara Colombo,
• Camilla Loro,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Gianluigi Broggini and
• Marta Papis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 122–145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.7

• alkyltrifluoroborate into its corresponding alkyl radical. o-Halo-substituted aryl selenides and sulfides 13 can be achieved by a three-component coupling reaction performed with an aryne precursor, potassium halides and electrophilic chalcogen species as reactants, in the presence of Cu(OTf)2 (Scheme 10) [23]. Under

• Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, allowing the formation of C–C and C–N bonds in the o-position of the aryl chalcogen compounds. α-Aminophosphonates 14 were the result of a one-pot condensation of an aldehyde, a primary amine and phosphite P(OMe)3 with copper triflate acting as Lewis acid

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

Efficacy of radical reactions of isocyanides with heteroatom radicals in organic synthesis

• Akiya Ogawa and
• Yuki Yamamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2114–2128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.182

• which a wide-range of 2-phosphoryl-substituted quinoxalines 26 were prepared in one pot via reaction of ortho-diisocyanoarenes with diarylphosphine oxides in the presence of AgNO3 (Scheme 18b) [65]. Chalcogen compounds such as PhSH and (PhSe)2 can be used as chalcogeno radical sources for the

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

• an effective chalcogen bond donation to the substrates, in place of the halogen bonding previously described. Although their catalytic activity was reported to be lower than the one of aryl iodonium derivatives, this research contributed to the scarce number of publications on the catalytic activity

• of chalcogen-based noncovalent organocatalysts. In 2023, Bolotin et al. published another article on the same subject [15], reporting a general improvement of electrophilic activation of carbonyl and imino groups by synergetic effect of aryl iodonium salts and silver cations. However, when similar

A comparison of structure, bonding and non-covalent interactions of aryl halide and diarylhalonium halogen-bond donors

• Nicole Javaly,
• Theresa M. McCormick and
• David R. Stuart

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1428–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.125

• electronic structure (bonding) and molecular structure (geometry) in diarylhalonium salts. We found a periodic trend with respect to the percentage of s- and p-orbital character used by the central atom to bond to the aryl substituents for a series of isoelectronic diaryl chalcogen and diarylhalonium

• compounds (Scheme 1b) [21]. The amount of s-character in the orbital used by the central atom (both chalcogen and halogen) to bond with the aryl groups decreases moving down the respective group (16 and 17) [21]. We also found with a limited set of six compounds that the association constant (Ka) for the

• pentafluorophenyl halide series with chloride anion (Scheme 4c, 49–52). A similar trend for decreasing bond length with increasing van der Waals radii has also been observed for some [38], though not all [39], series of chalcogen bonds. Generally, shorter bonds are stronger and longer bonds are weaker, and the

Phenotellurazine redox catalysts: elements of design for radical cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions

• Alina Paffen,
• Christopher Cremer and
• Frederic W. Patureau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1292–1297, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.112

• substitution patterns on the redox catalytic activity. Keywords: cross-dehydrogenative coupling; O2 activation; phenotellurazine; redox catalysis; Te catalysis; Introduction Tellurium catalysis has become increasingly important in recent years. This is due to its unique chalcogen bonding ability, thus

• reaction [6][7], and Gabbaï yet another in a different cyclization reaction [8][9], among other catalytic chalcogen bonding activation examples [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In contrast, we have reported recently some redox-active Te-based catalysts

• catalytically active intermediate(s), possibly including chalcogen bonding activation ability of the substrates [38]. Conclusion In conclusion, we demonstrated the importance of the phenotellurazine scaffold, bearing both a Te(II) center as well as a N-bridge, for redox catalytic activity. However, although the

Competing electrophilic substitution and oxidative polymerization of arylamines with selenium dioxide

• Vishnu Selladurai and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1221–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.105

• 100.11°. Since the NH2 groups in this molecule were further away from each other compared to the monoselenide 11, the hydrogen bonding arrangement led to a two-dimensional packing with a repeating zigzag pattern. Curiously, this compound showed an unusual Se···C σ-hole–π chalcogen bonding. Such

(Bio)isosteres of ortho- and meta-substituted benzenes

• H. Erik Diepers and
• Johannes C. L. Walker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 859–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.78

• nitrogen-substituted 1,5-BCHeps 141a–d through a photoredox-catalysed aminoalkylation with amines 140 and iodonium dicarboxylates 139 (Scheme 15A) [27]. Both Anderson and Uchiyama also reported the synthesis of chalcogen- and tin-substituted 1,5-BCHeps 145a–f from [3.1.1]propellane (Scheme 15B) [27][47][60

Synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds by late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments

• Aissam Okba,
• Pablo Simón Marqués,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Naoki Aratani,
• Hiroko Yamada,
• Gwénaël Rapenne and
• Claire Kammerer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30

• conversion in situ, triggered by thermal activation, photoirradiation or redox control. Beside well-established reactions involving the elimination of carbon-based small molecules, i.e., retro-Diels–Alder and decarbonylation processes, the late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments has emerged as a highly

• ultimate elimination of chalcogen fragments upon thermal activation, photoirradiation and electron exchange. Keywords: arenes; chalcogens; extrusion; fused-ring systems; precursor approach; Introduction π-Conjugated polycyclic compounds (π-CPCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their

• strategies in line with the “precursor approach” have been recently reported, in which chalcogen-containing precursors undergo a ring contraction combined with the extrusion of a chalcogen fragment in the ultimate step. In view of the diversity of π-conjugated polycyclic structures potentially accessible via

Transition-metal-catalyzed C–H bond activation as a sustainable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules: an overview

• Louis Monsigny,
• Floriane Doche and
• Tatiana Besset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 448–473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.35

• [49] have been already reported, these reactions will not be included. Review I. Transition-metal-catalyzed directed C–chalcogen bond formation (C–S, C–Se) by C–H bond activation In the past decade, particular attention has been paid to the development of new methodologies for the incorporation of

Supramolecular approaches to mediate chemical reactivity

• Pablo Ballester,
• Qi-Qiang Wang and
• Carmine Gaeta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1463–1465, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.152

• hydrogen bonding interactions play a pivotal role in catalysis. More recently, halogen bonding interactions have been used as a novel tool to catalyze a wide variety of processes. Other nonclassical interactions, including anion-, chalcogen-, and pnictogen bonding, have also been exploited for the design

• of novel supramolecular catalysts. In their contribution Wang and co-workers [17] reported an interesting example of chalcogen bonding catalysis approach for the synthesis of calix[4]pyrrole macrocycles. The Se···O=C chalcogen bonding interactions between a selenide-based catalyst and the carbonyl

A Se···O bonding catalysis approach to the synthesis of calix[4]pyrroles

• Qingzhe Tong,
• Zhiguo Zhao and
• Yao Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 325–330, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.36

• Qingzhe Tong Zhiguo Zhao Yao Wang School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China 10.3762/bjoc.18.36 Abstract Described herein is a chalcogen bonding catalysis approach to the synthesis of calix[4

• ]pyrrole derivatives. The Se···O bonding interactions between selenide catalysts and ketones gave rise to the catalytic activity in the condensation reactions between pyrrole and ketones, leading to the generation of calix[4]pyrrole derivatives in moderate to high yields. This chalcogen bonding catalysis

• . Keywords: calix[4]pyrrole; chalcogen bonding; ketones; Se···O bonding interactions; supramolecular catalysis; Introduction Noncovalent catalysis has been established as one of the fundamental concepts in organic synthesis that enables achieving numerous chemical transformations [1]. Among these

New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis

• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 240–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.28

• transformations using chiral Brønsted acids, Brønsted base, and hydrogen bond donors. Recently noncovalent activation continues to expand into other types of weak attractive interactions such as halogen and chalcogen bonds. Not surprisingly, all activation modes allow further expansion and diversification via a

Catalyzed and uncatalyzed procedures for the syntheses of isomeric covalent multi-indolyl hetero non-metallides: an account

• Ranadeep Talukdar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2102–2122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.137

• only, thus stating the requirement of acid for this Fischer indole synthesis. Elemental sulfur has also been utilized in preparing bis(indol-3-yl)sulfides under transition-metal compound catalyzed spontaneous oxidation of the central chalcogen atom. Such reactions were carried out by Shibahara (2014

Identification of volatiles from six marine Celeribacter strains

• Anuj Kumar Chhalodia,
• Jan Rinkel,
• Dorota Konvalinkova,
• Jörn Petersen and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 420–430, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.38

• were obtained by the Michael addition of NaSMe to ethyl propiolate (45), yielding a mixture of stereoisomers inseparable by silica gel column chromatography (92%). The major stereoisomer was found to be (Z)-42 (dr 94:6), whose preferred formation may be a result of a chalcogen–chalcogen interaction

Exploring the possibility of using fluorine-involved non-conjugated electron-withdrawing groups for thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters by TD-DFT calculation

• Dongyang Chen and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 210–223, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.21

• is five times higher than 2CzSF5, and 5CzSF5 possesses the second highest |VSOC|2 value as 0.718 cm−2, which is more than thirteen times higher than 2CzSF5. The higher |VSOC|2 values of 2CzSCF3/5CzSCF3 and 2CzSF5/5CzSF5 can be ascribed to the presence of the relatively heavier chalcogen, which has

Chiral anion recognition using calix[4]arene-based ureido receptors in a 1,3-alternate conformation

• Tereza Horáčková,
• Jan Budka,
• Vaclav Eigner,
• Wen-Sheng Chung,
• Petra Cuřínová and
• Pavel Lhoták

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2999–3007, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.249

• completed by the close contacts between carbonyl oxygen atoms (of the urea group) and S atoms (of DMSO), indicating possible chalcogen interactions [47][48], and the C=O···S=O distances were 3.269 and 3.308 Å (Figure 3a). The molecular packing was further strengthened by the π–π interactions of the p

• -acetylphenylalaninate. Design of chiral calix[4]arene-based receptors for anions. X-ray structure of 4a: (a) Top view into the cavity. (b) Side view of the same cavity. X-ray structure of 7a: (a) Hydrogen bonding interactions (black) in a dimeric motif, chalcogen interactions are shown in green. (b) π–π interactions in

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

Models of necessity

• Timothy Clark and
• Martin G. Hicks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1649–1661, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.137

• generally approached the subject. Specific potential functions are added to empirical force fields for hydrogen [87] or halogen [88] bonding. However, given that researchers have been busily defining additional non-covalent interactions such as tetrel [89], pnictogen [90] and chalcogen bonding [91], this

Copper-promoted/copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylselenolation reactions

• Clément Ghiazza and
• Anis Tlili

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 305–316, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.30

• ; Introduction In recent years, the incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated motifs into organic molecules has gained widespread interest. This is mainly due to the new properties associated with the introduction of these modifications. In particular, chalcogen trifluoromethyl motifs are of prime interest since

• they confer very high lipophilicity [1][2]. In this context, transition-metal catalysis plays a key role in the formation of carbon–chalcogen trifluoromethyl bonds. Major advances have been made in the last ten years especially for C–OCF3 [3][4][5] and C–SCF3 [6][7][8] bond-forming processes. Today

• usually contain copper–chalcogen trifluoromethyl σ-bonds. Likewise, the research on new methods enabling the incorporation of SeCF3 has continuously been growing and today, a plethora of strategies have been reported [10][11]. Therein, the design of new catalysts and reagents is a key factor to foster the

1,2,3-Triazolium macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry

• Mastaneh Safarnejad Shad,
• Pulikkal Veettil Santhini and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2142–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.211

• receptors for molecular recognition of anionic species, pH sensors, mechanically interlocked molecules, molecular machines, and molecular reactors. Keywords: anion recognition; catenane; chalcogen bonding; click reaction; molecular reactor; hydrogen bonding; pH sensor; rotaxane; supramolecular; 1,2,3

• -triazole units to more electrophilic 1,2,3-triazolium units by influencing both hydrogen bonding-like and anion–π interactions. Moreover, halogen bond (XB) and chalcogen bond (ChB) interactions (see Figure 1) also been applied for the selective detection of anions by exchanging C5–H protons with halogens

• -position of the triazoles (triazolium), and nucleophilic substitution of halogen can be used to introduce chalcogens (Se, Te). Thus, the corresponding triazolium macrocycles can take advantage respectively of halogen and chalcogen bonding as part of the molecular recognition (vide infra). In this review